| Characteristic | Detail | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rootstock | G.935 |
G.935 is a 1976 cross of Ottawa 3 and Robusta 5. Size is reported to be slightly larger than M.26, but the rootstock has resistance to fire blight and crown rot. It is not resistant to woolly apple aphid. Production efficiency is rated equal to M.9. In the Golden Delicious trial at Rock Springs in 2006, tree size was about 9 percent larger than M.9 and 12 percent smaller than M.26. Production efficiency was not |
Apple Rootstock Info: G.11
| Characteristic | Detail | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rootstock | G.11 |
Resulted from a cross of M.26 and Robusta 5 crabapple and introduced in 1993 by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. G.11 is one of the more vigorous dwarfing rootstocks and produces a tree similar in size to M.26. It is precocious (similar to M.26), moderately resistant to fire blight, moderately susceptible to woolly apple aphid and crown an root rots, and requires trunk support, especially in the early years. It produces |
Apple Rootstock Info: G.214
| Characteristic | Detail | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rootstock | G.214 | Geneva 214 (G.214) is a cross of Robusta 5 x Ottawa 3 and tested as CG.4214. Trees on this rootstock will need to be supported and produce a tree about 30-35% size of seedling with vigor and precocity similar to M.9 Nic.29 and M.26. Trees are more productive than those rootstocks and have good cold hardiness, and are resistant to fire blight, Phytophthora root rot and wooly apple aphid. Source: https://extension.psu.edu/apple-rootstocks-capabilities-and-limitations |
| Synonyms | Geneva 214 | |
| Origin |
Apple Rootstock Info: G.210
| Characteristic | Detail | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rootstock | G.210 |
G.210 is a semidwarfing rootstock that is resistant to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and crown rot (Phytopthora spp.). It is a hybrid from a cross between and is larger than Ottawa 3 but smaller than Robusta 5. It is similar in size to Malling 7 but more productive and precocious. |
| Synonyms | Geneva 210 | |
| Origin | Ottawa 3 and Robusta 5 | |
| Availability | Trial | |
| Tree Size | 60-65% | |
| Precocity | Early | |
| Winter Hardiness | Hardy | |
| Suckering | Low | |
| Tree Support Needed | Yes |
Apple Rootstock Info: G.16
| Characteristic | Detail | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rootstock | G.16 |
Resulted from a cross between Ottawa 3 and Malus floribunda and introduced by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY. G.16 is a dwarfing rootstock and produces a tree similar in size to M.9. It is very precocious and has productivity similar to M.9, and requires full tree support. It is highly resistant to fire blight, quite resistant to crown and root rots, but susceptible to woolly apple aphid. G.16 is hypersensitive to |
How New Apple Rootstocks Are Developed
Breeding improved apple rootstocks has been a priority research area in New York State since Dr. Jim Cummins and Dr. Herb Aldwinkle initiated crosses in 1970. In 1998, the rootstock program became a joint Cornell/U.S. Department of Agriculture program and in 2011 is headed by Dr. Gennaro Fazio. The program has focused on creating rootstocks that are resistant to the major apple diseases, fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) and crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum), and tolerant to a …
Tissue Culture Propagation of Apple Rootstocks
Plant tissue culture is a relatively new propagation technique started about 50 years ago. It has become a major propagation tool for many plant species, especially for fruit tree rootstocks: apple, pear, cherry, peach, almond, etc. In Europe, the majority of peach and cherry rootstocks are propagated through tissue culture. About 15 to 20 million peach rootstocks are propagated by tissue culture annually. More and more pear, cherry, peach, almond, walnut, and pistachio rootstocks have been propagated by tissue culture …
Apple Rootstock Influence on Precocity
One of the factors to consider when choosing a rootstock is its influence on the ability to induce fruitfulness — defined by horticulturists as precocity. Horticulturists measure this trait in apple rootstocks by observing the length of time from planting to when the cultivar produces flowers. The trend is as the rootstock induces more dwarfing, the scion cultivar will flower earlier in the life of the orchard. For example, if a cultivar is grafted onto a dwarfing rootstock and a …
Apple Tree Productivity
In addition to training systems, soil effects, and rootstocks, productivity is one of the most important parameters when comparing apple cultivars to determine ultimate profitability. Pomologists have long struggled with the question of how best to determine productivity when comparing trees of different size, such as those encountered in rootstock evaluations.
How Apple Tree Productivity Is Measured
For more information:
W. Autio, D. Greene, and W. Lord presented a comparison of several apple rootstocks with ‘McIntosh’ as …
Winter Hardiness of Apple Rootstocks
The capacity of apple trees to survive low temperatures is influenced by the scion cultivar and the rootstock. Rootstocks vary in their low temperature tolerance. Some rootstocks cease growth earlier than others, which results in high levels of resistance to early winter freezes. In the fall, with shorter day lengths and cooler temperatures, trees start to acclimate to low temperatures at the outer tips of branches. This process of acclimation (the ability to adapt to colder temperatures) progresses toward the …